ARTE BISANTINA

Byzantine art is almost entirely concerned with religious expression and, more specifically, with the impersonal translation of carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms. Byzantine forms were spread by trade and conquest to Italy and Sicily, where they persisted in modified form through the twelfth century, and became formative influences on Italian Renaissance art. By means of the expansion of the Eastern Orthodox church, Byzantine forms spread to eastern European centers, particularly Russia. Influences from Byzantine architecture, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions from Egypt and Arabia to Russia and Romania.

In Byzantine literature, therefore, four different cultural elements are to be reckoned with: the Greek, the Christian, the Roman, and the Oriental. Byzantine literature is often classified in five groups: historians and annalists, encyclopedists (Patriarch Photios, Michael Psellos, and Michael Choniates are regarded as the greatest encyclopedists of Byzantium) and essayists, and writers of secular poetry (The only genuine heroic epic of the Byzantines is the Digenis Acritas).

The remaining two groups include the new literary species: ecclesiastical and theological literature, and popular poetry. Of the approximately two to three thousand volumes of Byzantine literature that survive, only three hundred and thirty consist of secular poetry, history, science and pseudo-science.

While the most flourishing period of the secular literature of Byzantium runs from the ninth to the twelfth century, its religious literature (sermons, liturgical books and poetry, theology, devotional treatises etc.) developed much earlier with Romanos the Melodist being its most prominent representative.

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Maesta (Madonna with Angels and Saints) 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Calling of Peter and Andrew 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Appearence on the Mountain in Galilee 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Appearence Behind Locked Doors 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Pentecost 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Stories of the Passion (Maesta, verso) 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Transfiguration 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Christ Taking Leave of the Apostles 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Flight into Egypt 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Nativity 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Washing of the Feet 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Malachi 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Solomon 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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The Last Supper

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Appearence to Mary Magdalene (Noli me tangere) 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Appearence While the Apostles are at Table 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Last Supper 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Conjectural reconstrruction of the Maesta (front)

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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Christ Accused by the Pharisees 1308-11

by Duccio Di Buoninsegna

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The Annunciation

by Barna Da Siena

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